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Global support for promoting adaptation, both in terms of technical and financial assistance is growing, though only a few countries have reached the stage of submitting their NAPs. Developing effective NAPs is a complicated process requiring a great deal of financial and technical resources, much akin to the implementation of environmental...

This paper presents a collective sensing approach that integrates imperfect Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) obtained through Citizen Science (CS) tree mapping projects with very high resolution (VHR) optical remotely sensed data for low-cost, fine-scale, and accurate mapping of trees in urban orchards. To this end, an individual tree crown...

This chapter discusses the social and economic impacts of biofuels in East Asia by analyzing four country case studies. Three case study countries are large Asian rapidly developing countries which were expected to be large consumers and producers of biofuels at the beginning of the biofuel boom in the late 2000s: Indonesia, India, and China. All...

In the beginning of the biofuel boom in the late 2000s, there were high expectations in many Asian countries that biofuels could enhance energy security, provide jobs, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There were hopes that biofuels could be produced and consumed on a large scale and high expectations of significant biofuel trade. Some...

Initiatives for sustainable societies have gained momentum following recent global agreements on sustainable development, including the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in 2015. Efforts to support changes in the behaviour and practices of individuals and organisations...

The Shaksgam Valley, located on the north side of the Karakoram Mountains of western China, is situated in the transition zone between the Indian monsoon system and dry arid climate zones. Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special...

プロジェクト・マネジメントの枠組みとしてログフレーム（ロジカル・フレームワーク）が提案されて約半世紀が経つ。近年、新たな評価手法における潮流が出てきている。一つは、社会的インパクト投資の流れを踏まえたインパクト評価（Impact Evaluation）であり、プロジェクトの介入に帰属する成果を定量的に把握することを重視する。一方、アウトカム・マッピング（Outcome Mapping）に代表される質的評価においては、想定外または定量化できない経験知を把握することを重視している。さらに、変化し続ける状況の中でイノベーションを起こすためには、プロジェクトも状況から学び発展する必要があるとの考えから、そのような目的でプロジェクトを支援するための発展的評価（Developmental...

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将来のCO2排出量は、経済規模、産業構造といった「社会的前提要素」 と、気候変動政策の対象となるエネルギー効率、エネルギーの供給構成などの「対策対象要素」によって左右される（図a参照）。本稿は、日本の国別緩和目標(NDC 1)に記載される2030年GHG削減目標（以下、NDC目標）におけるエネルギー起源CO2排出量（以下、CO2排出量）に着目し、社会的前提要素（実質GDP）及び対策対象要素（実質GDP当たりの最終エネルギー消費量、最終エネルギー消費当たりのCO2排出量）がどのような水準であるのか考察 することを目的に、各要素について、既往の統計や研究等による推定結果と比較した。さらに、個々の要素の変化に対しCO2排出量がどのように変化するか、定量分析（感度分析）及びLMDI法...

Key Messages • With more than half the world’s population, cities will play a pivotal role in determining whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) realize their transformational potential. A lack of data from cities may nonetheless weaken the policies and monitoring systems needed to realize that promise. • This issue brief examines whether...