Development of an SDG interlinkages analysis model at the river basin scale: a case study in the Luanhe River Basin, China

While the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are broadly framed with 17 goals, the goals and their targets inherently
connect with each other forming a complex system. Actions supporting one goal may influence progress in other goals,
either positively (synergies) or negatively (trade-offs). Effective managing the synergies and trade-offs is a prerequisite for
ensuring policy coherence. This is particular relevant at the river basin scale where the implementation of national policies
may generate inequalities at the sub-basin levels, such as the upstream and the downstream. In the existing literature, there
is still a lack of methodologies to assess the SDG interlinkages and their differences at the subnational levels. This paper
presents a methodology on the development of an SDG interlinkages analysis model at the basin scale and its application
to a case study in China’s Luanhe River Basin (LRB). Seven broad areas, namely land use and land cover change, climate
change, ecosystem services, flood risks, water sector, urbanisation, and energy, were set as the scope of study. Through a
systematic review, key elements of the SDG interlinkages system were identified and their interactions were mapped. The
resulting generic SDG interlinkages model were validated with expert survey and stakeholders’ consultation and tailored
to the LRB. Quantification of the SDG interlinkages was conducted for 27 counties in the LRB and demonstrated by the
results of 3 selected counties located in the upstream, midstream and downstream areas, respectively. The methodology and
its applications can be used to support integrated water resource management in river basins.