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Informal recycling of electronics in the developing world has emerged as a new global environmental concern. The primary approach to address this problem has been command-and-control policies that ban informal recycling and international trade in electronic scrap. These bans are difficult to enforce and also have negative effects by reducing reuse...

Presented at 1st Meeting of Low-carbon Myanmar Working Group, 31 July 2013. This is a part of a commissioned work funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.

In recent years, large-scale natural disasters have frequently occurred in various parts of the world and the associated losses have increased (see Figure 1). As a result, there have been increasing concerns over the protective measures needed, particularly with respect to energy and infrastructure systems within cities that are also experiencing...