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In a globalized world, disaster impacts seldom remain within political boundaries but often spill over beyond national boundaries. These transboundary risks bring an added complexity to the way the multi-hazard risks impact society. Until now, most risk assessments are focused within one’s political boundaries, and that worked with limited...

Adaptation effectiveness (AE) refers to how policies and actions reduce present and future climate risks. It is a systems concept that requires a unit of measurement, expression in value terms, a baseline, and a goal. Pre-requisite/enabling conditions such as equity, justice, and fairness are essential. Over the years, progress in adaptation has...

The construction of large-scale infrastructure projects like dams can substantially alter local hydrological systems, prompting concerns about their impacts on river water levels and discharge. This study was undertaken in response to the compelling need to investigate and analyze the potential implications of water scarcity, particularly within...

国連環境計画（UNEP）が発表した「Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed. - Executive Summary」の日本語翻訳版（暫定非公式訳）。世界中で気候リスクが加速しているにもかかわらず、途上国における適応策の実施は停滞しており、適応資金ギャップ（不足額）は現在の国際的な適応資金フローの10倍～18倍に拡大し、このままでは気候関連による損失と損害が増大することは避けられないと指摘している。そして、より多くの国際・国内・民間資金...

China has long sought to address climate change in line with other development goals. However, research supporting this alignment often employs data-driven models that downplay the policies and institutions needed to achieve the multiple benefits that studies feature in their analyses. This oversight is troubling because it neglects gaps between...

Though the worst of COVID-19 appears to be over, it also raises important questions about COVID-19's immediate and then longer-term impacts on urban air quality. To understand both sets of impacts, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Asia Pacific Office, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), the Ministry of...