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In 20 09, Japan pledged to reduce its GHG emissions by 25% from 1990 levels by 2020 (“ Copenhagen Pledge” ). The achievement of the target depended largely on a large expansion of nuclear power. However, this ambitious plan became unfeasible af er the Fukushima nuclear disaster of March 2011. This paper conducted a comprehensive review of Japan’ s...

Warming trends and increasing temperature extremes have been observed across most of the Asian region over the past century (high confidence). {24.3} Water scarcity is expected to be a major challenge for most of the region as a result of increased water demand and lack of good management (medium confidence). {24.4.3} The impacts of climate change...

Decision support for impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability is expanding from science-driven linear methods to a wide range of methods drawing from many disciplines (robust evidence, high agreement). This chapter introduces new material from disciplines including behavioral science, ethics, and cultural and organizational theory, thus providing a...

This report, jointly prepared by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan, and the Energy Research Institute (ERI), China, aims to identify concrete ways the latest research on national and global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission pathways could contribute to raising the ambition levels of INDCs toward the global 2°C target. The...

Water and sanitation play an important role in the sustainable development and are central to all activities of human beings and for the health of the natural ecosystems. For the past several decades, water and sanitation, especially water sector, have been subjected to two kinds of pressures i.e. developmental pressure and climate change related...

This paper assessed Japan’s “fair” carbon budget consistent with the 2 °C target between 1990 and 2100 under three frequently referred effort-sharing approaches: Converging Per Capita Emissions (CPE); Common but Differentiated Convergence (CDC); and Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs), as well as the consequent GHG emission pathways up to 2100 for...

The FVA needs to support for transparency of INDCs. Since INDCs cover Economy-wide emission reduction targets (GHG targets) as well as Non-GHG targets such as energy targets, policy and project implementation, the scope of the FVA includes accounting framework for not only international transactions but also mitigation targets or actions under...

The progress in the adoption of market mechanisms for climate change is overall laggard in Japan and the related study on business policy perspective is limited. Aiming to close the research gap, this paper measures Japanese company’s awareness and approval of market-based instruments for energy saving, including financial subsidies, carbon taxes...

The issue of geographic equity has been one of the greatest concerns throughout the history of the CDM. To encourage wider implementation of the CDM or a reformed CDM and new market-based mechanisms in the future, it is necessary to identify the barriers that hinder implementation of CDM projects in underrepresented countries. This paper...