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The Mutual Learning Program for Enhanced Transparency (MLP) is one of the effective approaches to enhance individual reporting capabilities as part of transparency capacity building. This guidance explains the overall flow of the MLP, reporting exercises and the consideration points for each actor (e.g. Secretariat, technical experts, participants)...

As of September 2025, only 54 NDCs with the target year of 2035 have been submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), showing the slow progress of climate commitments from both developed and developing countries. This means that the 30 th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP30), to be held in November...

As the Asia-Pacific region navigates the complex intersections of climate change, biodiversity loss, and systemic pollution, the need for integrated, cross-sectoral action has never been more evident. While high-level reports frequently emphasize the theoretical value of synergistic approaches—strategies that align multiple policy goals to maximize...

In October 2025, an extraordinary session of the IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee was held. Negotiations took place on a draft amendment to the Convention aimed at achieving the international target of ‘GHG emissions from international shipping by around 2050’. Japan has been co-sponsoring the proposal alongside Europe and leading the...

Flood-dominated floodplains are undergoing rapid land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, with consequences for exposure, ecosystem condition, and local development planning. This study examines historical LULC change, transition intensity, trend-consistent land-use scenarios, and event-based flood exposure in Bongaigaon District, located in the...