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Interest in co-benefits—the multiple benefits from mitigating climate change while addressing other sustainability challenges—has grown as policymakers seek to lower the costs of decarbonization. Much of this interest stems from data-driven models that quantify how much improved air quality, better health, and other co-benefits can offset those...

Japan, as an island nation with limited natural resources, has an energy self-sufficiency rate of only 13%, ranking 37th out of 38 OECD countries. Since over 97% of fossil fuels are imported, domestic energy prices are significantly influenced by international conditions and the exchange rate of the Japanese yen. The Ukrainian war and the...

Inadequate national SDG implementation efforts, particularly policies and budgets, could be an important reason why SDGs are off track. Identification and assessment of these policies and budgets should be a major focus of the SDG follow up and review process, especially the Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs), in order to strengthen governance of...