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Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a system that emphasises priority for and rapid movement of buses by securing segregated busways. BRT is also called other names including “high-capacity bus systems,” “high-quality bus systems”, “metro-bus” “express bus systems,” “busway systems,” and “surface metro systems”. The extent of dedicated infrastructure and...

Car sharing is a scheme which offers members access to a vehicle without ownership. Vehicles are collectively owned and maintained by car sharing organisations. The system can be thought of as organised short-term car rental; people who want to use those vehicles become members of those organisations, and make reservations when they need to drive...

Road pricing means that motorists pay directly for driving on a particular roadway. Road pricing can be applied at various levels, such as a bridge or a tunnel, a roadway section, roadways in a corridor, all roads in an area (such as a central business district), or roadways at regional centres. Road pricing schemes targeting roads in an area take...

Attempts to change travel behaviour through psychological strategies, instead of regulatory measures or economic incentives, began to be introduced in the 1990s. This policy option focuses on these new programmes and defines "travel awareness initiatives for wise use of automobiles" as programmes which aim to change travel behaviour through...

Vehicle fuel taxes on gasoline and diesel have been introduced in many countries and are generally considered to be a road user fee intended to fund roadway projects and services (Jones and Nix 1995 and Brown 2001, cited in Litman 2003). However, given the fact that fuel consumption is causing environmental degradation, it can be justified to use...

This paper was presented at International Conference on "Sustainable resource management, raw materials security, Factor-X resource productivity - tools for delivering sustainable growth in the European Union", December 6-7, 2006, Bruges, Belgium

Shanghai is one of the largest prosperous cities in China with the population over 17million. From the 1940’s the major urban planning strategy is trying to de-centralize the overcrowded population in the central part of the city, where the density was even as high as 70000 people/sq.km, now decreased to 40000 people/sq.km. The still very high...

Urban land use observably induces and generates traffic particularly where segregation among categories of land uses are distinct. Zoning in land use that distinguishes residential and commercial zones would create the needs of motorized transport due to journey to works and other purposes, provided that the proximity between residential and...

Remarks: Unpublished manuscript