Integrating geoenvironmental and socioenvironmental analyses for flood vulnerability assessment in the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

The escalating impacts of climate change necessitate a focused analysis of flood vulnerability in
ecologically fragile and densely inhabited mountain areas, particularly in the Himalayan region.
This study concentrates on the Kullu Valley within the Beas Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India, a locale
characterized by its intricate terrain and dynamic climatic conditions. Employing an integrated
approach of using satellite imagery, Geographic Information System (GIS), and field surveys,
the research evaluates the region's topographical and hydrological attributes alongside land
use patterns to discern flood vulnerabilities. Key findings from this study include, the identification
of zones with elevated runoff potential, high-risk settlements, and vulnerable agricultural
lands. The complex interplay of steep slopes and intricate stream networks exacerbates the susceptibility
to flash floods in the region. The study's socio-environmental analysis resulted in the
delineation of five zones, each exhibiting distinct adaptive capacities, exposures, and sensitivities.
Particularly, Zones 5 and 4 emerged as highly vulnerable due to dense settlements and economic
dependence on agriculture and tourism. This study suggests implementing a 100-m buffer
zone along the river and monitoring the use of Common Property Resource (CPR) lands to mitigate
flood risks. Our recommendations extend to enhancing emergency response protocols, improving
disaster management team preparedness, improving communication and transport infrastructures,
and ensuring medical facility accessibility. Overall, this research offers a comprehensive
perspective on flood risk factors in mountainous landscapes, serving as a guide for policymakers
and disaster management authorities in formulating resilient and sustainable flood mitigation
strategies.