International Trade

This policy brief examines the implications for ASEAN Member States (AMS) of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and suggests an overall direction for responses. The EU’s CBAM aims to minimize carbon leakage and the loss of the EU’s trade competitiveness due to its more ambitious climate mitigation policies, particularly...

Carbon leakage and international competitiveness are two policy concerns related to the asymmetric domestic climate policies as a result of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Among other policy alternatives, the use of offsetting measures at the border to level the playing field is getting popular in policy debates. Climate change related...

This report is based on an IGES initiated research to assess embodied emissions in international trade, with a particular focus on Asian countries. Part I, conducted by the Economic Analysis Team of IGES, focuses on the assessment of emissions embodied in multilateral trade in Asian countries and different responsibility principles for the...