Urban Expansion and Spatial Growth Patterns in Lucknow: Implications for Sustainable Development (1991–2021)

Urbanization is a major driver of land-use change, with significant implications
for sustainable development in rapidly growing cities. In this study, we assess the
spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in Lucknow, India, from 1991 to 2021, using
geospatial techniques and Landsat satellite imagery. The key objective is to analyze urban
growth patterns, identify contributing factors, and evaluate the sustainability implications
of these trends. Results reveal a nearly fivefold increase in built-up area, from 53.86 km2
in 1991 to 261.45 km2 in 2021. Edge development accounted for 55.99% of total urban
expansion from 1991 to 2001, while ribbon development increased from 18.06% to 21.03%
by 2021. Leapfrog development, considered unsustainable, rose from 12.35% in 1991 to
17.35% in 2021. Compared to previous studies, findings highlight the significant influence
of transportation infrastructure and industrialization on urban sprawl, particularly in the
northeastern and northwestern zones. This study contributes by offering a zone-wise
analysis of growth patterns, which provides deeper insights into the dynamics of urban
expansion. The findings are crucial for urban planners, as they suggest the need for more
stringent zoning regulations and targeted infrastructure investments to manage future
growth sustainably while minimising environmental impact.