Snow Resources and Climatic Variability in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Climate change is profoundly impacting snow-dependent regions, altering hydrological
cycles and threatening water security. This study examines the relationships
between snow water equivalent (SWE), snow cover, temperature, and wind speed in
Jammu and Kashmir, India, over five decades (1974–2024). Using ERA5 reanalysis and
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) datasets, we reveal significant declines in SWE
and snow cover, particularly in high-altitude regions such as Kupwara and Bandipora. A
Sen’s slope of 0.0016 °C per year for temperature highlights a steady warming trend that
accelerates snowmelt, shortens snow cover duration, and reduces streamflow during critical
agricultural periods. Strong negative correlations between SWE and temperature (r =
−0.7 to −0.9) emphasize the dominant role of rising temperatures in SWE decline. Wind
speed trends exhibit weaker correlations with SWE (r = −0.2 to −0.4), although localized
effects on snow redistribution and evaporation are evident. Temporal snow cover analyses
reveal declining winter peaks and diminished summer runoff contributions, exacerbating
water scarcity. These findings highlight the cascading impacts of climate variability
on snow hydrology, water availability, and regional ecosystems. Adaptive strategies, including
real-time snow monitoring, sustainable water management, and climate-resilient
agricultural practices, are imperative for mitigating these challenges in this sensitive Himalayan
region.