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Chapter 5 presents quantitative and qualitative insights on actions and instruments around five strategies to bring about transformative change. Together these strategies address direct and indirect drivers (including underlying causes) of biodiversity loss and nature’s decline (Chapter 1) with explicit attention to overcoming the specific challenges to transformative change (Chapter 4). The five strategies are: 1) conserving and regenerating places of value to nature and people; 2) driving systemic change in the sectors most responsible for biodiversity loss and nature’s decline; 3) transforming economic systems for nature and equity; 4) transforming governance systems to be inclusive, accountable and adaptive; and 5) shifting societal views and values to recognize and prioritize the fundamental interconnections between humans and nature. An assessment of the literature that includes works examining deliberate transformative change for a just2 and sustainable world suggests that some of these strategies are have been studied more and literature aligns among contexts while others have more diverse or limited evidence behind them. Actions associated with the strategies serve as entry points for a set of intertwined, diverse and emergent pathways informed by theories of transformative change (Chapter 3) and guided by diverse visions for achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity and other global sustainability goals (Chapter 2).
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