Climate-Induced Migration in India and Bangladesh: A Systematic Review of Drivers, Impacts, and Adaptation Mechanisms

Climate-induced migration has emerged as a major concern in India and
Bangladesh, due to their geographical vulnerability and socioeconomic conditions. Coastal
areas, such as the Sundarbans and the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta, face relentless threats
due to rising sea levels, cyclones, and floods. These factors force millions to relocate, resulting
in rural–urban transitions and cross-border movements that worsen urban challenges
and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. For this, a systematic literature review of the Scopus
database was undertaken using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A detailed review analysis of 65 papers was carried
out. The study highlighted key climatic and non-climatic drivers of migration, including
natural disasters, resource depletion, poverty, and poor governance. Despite existing adaptation
strategies, such as early warning systems, micro-insurance, and climate-resilient
practices, gaps remain in addressing long-term resilience and legal recognition for climate
migrants. The research emphasizes the need for a holistic, multi-stakeholder approach,
integrating adaptive infrastructure, sustainable livelihoods, and international cooperation.
Recommendations include bridging research gaps, increasing community participation,
and implementing global frameworks, like the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage.
Addressing climate migration through fair, inclusive measures is essential for building
resilience and ensuring long-term development in the region.